Smart homeowners design their homes so they can stay there through every phase of their, as an independent adult,  with a young family, through midlife, and accomodating for common physical limitations that getting older can bring, from arthritis to needing a wheelchair. Universal design (UD) is the design of products and environments that are usable by most people, regardless of their level of ability or disability and without compromising the beauty of the design. From entryways to kitchens and bathrooms to bedrooms, incorporating Universal Design elements often increases the value of a home.

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These seven principles, set out by the Center for Universal Design at North Carolina State University, a national resource and technical assistance center, help inform useful design for all ages and stages of life:

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1. Design that's equally appealing to all users

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Wherever possible, universal design creates spaces that can be used by everyone equally and that are appealing to all. UD doesn't stigmatize any one group of users -- like those obvious wheelchair ramps tacked onto the fronts of older homes, for example.​ At least one three-foot-wide, gently sloping, no-step entry -- meaning no porch step or tall threshold -- allows someone with a stroller, wheelchair, or walker to easily enter, without screaming "handicap entrance" to the mobile.

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A lever-handled front door (as opposed to a round knob) can be a relief for anyone carrying packages, a baby, or a cane.

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Having no changes in floor levels throughout the main level of the house increases safety and accessibility and helps eliminate tripping. That means a just-walking toddler or an older adult who shuffles or has balance trouble can maneuver around as smoothly as someone using an assistive device, like crutches or a walker. 

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2. Flexible use

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Good UD accommodates a wide range of preferences and abilities. This means it considers both lefties and righties, and those who move at different paces. ​Ideally, there should be least one bedroom and a full bathroom on the main floor, located away from living areas. It can serve as a study, craft room, or playroom early on, and as a bedroom when getting up stairs becomes difficult because of, for example, illness. There should also be a main-floor laundry room.

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Here are some examples:

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Lever handles at the kitchen sink have already become the new standard because everyone finds them easier and more convenient. Handedness doesn't matter (nor does whether you have a free hand, if, say, you've been kneading dough and yours is flour-covered).​

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Pull-out work boards near the stove, refrigerator, or counters add space to chop vegetables (and can be slid back after); ideally, there should be boards inset at different heights for users of different heights, or to use when seated or standing.

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3. Simple and intuitive use

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UD makes things easy to figure out, regardless of cognitive functioning, language, literacy, experience or know-how. 

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D-shaped drawer pulls are easy to grasp and pull open.

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Smart shower handles move in one obvious way from hot to cold and don't require three different maneuvers to get the water to flow at the desired temperature.

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Adjustable shelving is easy to customize, so that you can store the tall milk and ketchup where you prefer. Installing lazy Susans makes constructive use of wasted corner cupboard space (because who can reach far back into a corner cupboard?).

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4. Presents essential information clearly

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Any information that needs to be conveyed to the user is done using a variety of methods (sensory, visual, tactile) so even someone with limitations can manage it.

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Keyless locks use a remote control or keypad that's user-friendly.

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Universally designed appliance controls feature obvious symbols and colors in addition to words to clarify instructions (such as red for hot and blue for cold).

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A circuit-breaker panel that's on the main floor (as opposed to out in the garage) can be easier to access; all the circuits should be clearly labeled for the area they serve, perhaps with a coded floor plan as well as written area names.

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Smoke detectors and carbon-monoxide alarms should provide both audible and visual signals.

 

5. Allows for user errors

 

The design itself anticipates the dangers and discourages unconscious unsafe use.

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Handrails on both sides of the staircase give support to a frail older adult, a sick younger one, or anyone carrying loads of laundry.

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A curbless shower stall prevents accidental trips and also allows wheelchair access. A slightly sloping floor aids drainage and cleanup.

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Grab bars securely anchored to the structure of the walls in shower/bath/toilet areas ensure stability when moving in and out. They can double as towel bars.

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Floor surfaces in bathrooms and showers are made of no-slip materials, such as tiles with some texture. Carpeting should be low-pile and tightly woven, such as Berber-style carpets.

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A spring-loaded switch for the garbage disposal that must be held in the "on" position while it's running minimizes fingers or forks accidentally getting caught.

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Contrasting edging on the front of counters telegraphs the edge to someone with lower vision, to avoid spills and bumps. Corners should be rounded, not sharp.

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6. Requires low physical effort

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Things should be easy to use: efficient, comfortable, and requiring minimal effort.

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Rocker-panel light switches can be easily flipped with a fist or an elbow (unlike standard toggle switches) if you're carrying something and don't have fingers free.

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Switches and controls are placed at easy-to-use heights, more convenient to more people than the standard placements. UD favors light switches that are 42 to 48 inches from the floor, thermostat controls that are about 48 inches off the floor, and electrical outlets and phone jacks that are 18 to 24 inches off the floor.

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Raised, front-loading washers, dryers, and dishwashers don't require stooping or reaching.

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7. Appropriate size and space for use, regardless of body size or mobility

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No matter what your body size, posture, or level of functioning, you should be able to approach, reach, and manipulate objects easily. There should also be sufficient space for someone who needs to use adaptive devices, such as wheelchairs or walkers.

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An open, spacious floor plan with five-and-a-half foot hallways (instead of the usual four-foot) looks modern and inviting while it accommodates strollers, walkers, and wheelchairs when and if they're needed.

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A variety of work surface heights, such as countertops that are low in some places along the perimeter and higher in a center island, works for a user who's sitting on a tall stool or low chair, or standing. This is friendlier for family members of differing heights, too.

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Fold-back doors under the cooking island permit knee space for those who need to use a stool or a wheelchair.

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A wall-mounted sink with open space beneath loses some common storage but gains access for a wheelchair, especially when the drain is positioned at the back, not in the middle.

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Raised or adjustable toilet seats comfortably accommodate those with back, hip, or knee problems or those who have problems with balance.

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A molded seat in the shower stall can look attractive and modern; it's as handy for a woman shaving her legs or shampooing a small child as for a senior being assisted in the bath.